RESUMO
Cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) inhibitors raise HDL-C in animals and humans and may be antiatherosclerotic by enhancing reverse cholesterol transport (RCT). In this article, we describe the lead optimization efforts resulting in the discovery of a series of triphenylethanamine (TPE) ureas and amides as potent and orally available CETP inhibitors. Compound 10g is a potent CETP inhibitor that maximally inhibited cholesteryl ester (CE) transfer activity at an oral dose of 1 mg/kg in human CETP/apoB-100 dual transgenic mice and increased HDL cholesterol content and size comparable to torcetrapib (1) in moderately-fat fed hamsters. In contrast to the off-target liabilities with 1, no blood pressure increase was observed with 10g in rat telemetry studies and no increase of aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2) was detected in H295R cells. On the basis of its preclinical profile, compound 10g was advanced into preclinical safety studies.
Assuntos
Anticolesterolemiantes/síntese química , Anticolesterolemiantes/farmacologia , Benzamidas/síntese química , Benzamidas/farmacologia , Benzilaminas/síntese química , Benzilaminas/farmacologia , Proteínas de Transferência de Ésteres de Colesterol/antagonistas & inibidores , Animais , Anticolesterolemiantes/farmacocinética , Aterosclerose/tratamento farmacológico , Benzamidas/farmacocinética , Benzilaminas/farmacocinética , Pressão Sanguínea/efeitos dos fármacos , Linhagem Celular , Colesterol/metabolismo , HDL-Colesterol/sangue , Cricetinae , Citocromo P-450 CYP11B2/antagonistas & inibidores , Cães , Descoberta de Drogas , Humanos , Macaca fascicularis , Masculino , Mesocricetus , Camundongos , Camundongos Transgênicos , Atividade Motora/efeitos dos fármacos , Quinolinas/farmacologia , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-DawleyRESUMO
A series of diphenylpyridylethanamine-based inhibitors of cholesteryl ester transfer protein with aminoheterocycles appended onto the N-terminus of the chemotype were explored as urea mimetics. Potent compounds were discovered and were further optimized to improve metabolic stability and PXR transactivation profile.
Assuntos
Proteínas de Transferência de Ésteres de Colesterol/antagonistas & inibidores , Compostos Heterocíclicos/síntese química , Compostos Heterocíclicos/farmacologia , Biomimética , Compostos de Bifenilo/síntese química , Compostos de Bifenilo/química , Compostos de Bifenilo/farmacologia , Estabilidade de Medicamentos , Etilaminas/síntese química , Etilaminas/química , Etilaminas/farmacologia , Compostos Heterocíclicos/química , Humanos , Concentração Inibidora 50 , Estrutura Molecular , Piridinas/síntese química , Piridinas/química , Piridinas/farmacologia , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Ureia/químicaRESUMO
A series of diphenylpyridylethanamine (DPPE) derivatives was identified exhibiting potent CETP inhibition. Replacing the labile ester functionality in the initial lead 7 generated a series of amides and ureas. Further optimization of the DPPE series for potency resulted in the discovery of cyclopentylurea 15d, which demonstrated a reduction in cholesterol ester transfer activity (48% of predose level) in hCETP/apoB-100 dual transgenic mice. The PK profile of 15d was suboptimal, and further optimization of the N-terminus resulted in the discovery of amide 20 with an improved PK profile and robust efficacy in transgenic hCETP/apoB-100 mice and in hamsters. Compound 20 demonstrated no significant changes in either mean arterial blood pressure or heart rate in telemeterized rats despite sustained high exposures.
Assuntos
Anticolesterolemiantes/química , Anticolesterolemiantes/farmacologia , Proteínas de Transferência de Ésteres de Colesterol/antagonistas & inibidores , Piridinas/química , Piridinas/farmacologia , Estilbenos/química , Estilbenos/farmacologia , Animais , Anticolesterolemiantes/síntese química , Apolipoproteína B-100/antagonistas & inibidores , Apolipoproteína B-100/metabolismo , Pressão Sanguínea/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteínas de Transferência de Ésteres de Colesterol/metabolismo , Doença das Coronárias/tratamento farmacológico , Cricetinae , Descoberta de Drogas , Frequência Cardíaca/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Concentração Inibidora 50 , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Transgênicos , Estrutura Molecular , Piridinas/síntese química , Ratos , Estilbenos/síntese químicaRESUMO
An environmental, estrogen-like substance, bisphenol A (BPA), is the monomer for the production of polycarbonate plastics used in baby bottles, dental sealants, and as a major component of epoxy resin for the lining of food cans. The oxidation of BPA leads to the reactive electrophilic BPA-o-3,4-quinone (BPA-Q), which can damage DNA and may be implicated in cancer initiation. BPA-Q reacts in vitro with 2'-deoxyguanosine 5'-phosphate (dGMP) and 2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-phosphate (dAMP) but not with 2'-deoxycytidine-5'-phosphate and 2'-deoxythymidine 5'-phosphate. In aqueous acetic acid, BPA-Q also reacts with 2'-deoxyguanosine (dG) and 2'-deoxyadenosine (dA) but not with 2'-deoxycytidine and 2'-deoxythymidine. The reactions are accompanied by loss of the modified base (depurination). We determined the structures of the modified bases by primarily tandem mass spectrometry. In mixtures of deoxynuclesides and deoxynucletides treated with BPA-Q, reactions occur more readily with dGMP/dG followed by dAMP/dA. With calf thymus DNA, significant apurinic sites must be produced because we detected the BPA-Q-guanosine adduct in the incubation mixture. We also found that BPA-Q reacts readily with glutathione (GSH) under acidic or neutral conditions, and we characterized the BPA-Q-GSH conjugate with tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). The results are consistent with a mechanism of carcinogenesis whereby BPA-Q, formed in vivo and not adequately detoxified by reactions with GSH, reacts with DNA, causing depurination. The adducts reported will also be appropriate references for identification of BPA-Q adducts in environmental and biological systems.
